Pen-type electrosurgical instrument

ABSTRACT

An electrocautery device is disclosed. In accordance with one aspect of the invention, the electrocautery electrode/tip is provided with a hollow, conductive tube terminating at its distal end in a ball point type tip. Fluid, preferably conductive fluid, is applied to the proximal end of the hollow electrode/tip, and expelled from the distal end thereof during electrocautery. The ball point distal tip allows the distal tip to be directly applied to the tissue and “rolled” or slid along the tissue. This allows the distal tip to be moved across the tissue without dragging or snagging on the tissue. In addition, the conductive fluid expelled from the distal tip further lubricates the distal tip as it moves across the tissue. If conductive fluid is used, the conductive fluid emanating from the electrode/tip conducts the RF electrocautery energy away from the distal tip so that it is primarily the fluid, rather than the distal tip that actually accomplishes the cauterizing of tissue. That is, the fluid serves as a “virtual” electrocautery electrode. Since it is the fluid, rather than the distal tip that cauterizes, coagulates and ablates, no burns or perforations are made to the tissue, reducing the amount of debris at the site. Also, the flow of fluid through the electrode/tip tends to keep the distal tip clean and cool.

[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/393,082, filed Feb. 22, 1995.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] This invention relates generally to the field of medical instruments, and more particularly relates to an electrocautery device.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Various types of electrocautery devices for incising and cauterizing body tissue are known and used in the medical field. Typically, such devices include a conductive tip or needle which serves as one electrode in an electrical circuit which is completed via a grounding electrode coupled to the patient. Incision of tissue is accomplished by applying a source of electrical energy (most commonly, a radio-frequency generator) to the tip. Upon application of the tip to the tissue, a voltage gradient is created, thereby inducing current flow and related heat generation at the point of contact. With sufficiently high levels of electrical energy, the heat generated is sufficient to cut the tissue and, advantageously, to simultaneously cauterize severed blood vessels.

[0004] It is widely recognized in the prior art that the often substantial amount of smoke produced by electrocauterization of tissue is at least unpleasant, and in some cases distracting or even hazardous to the operator and other attending medical personnel. As a result, it has been proposed, and is common, to provide an electrocautery device with smoke-aspirating capabilities, such that the smoke produced from electrocauterization is quickly withdrawn from the area of incision. Smoke aspiration may be accomplished by providing, in the handle of the electrocautery device near the electrocautery tip/electrode, an inlet port to be coupled to a vacuum or suction source. Examples of this are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,307,720 to Weber, Jr., entitled “Electrocautery Apparatus and Method and Means for Cleaning the Same;” in U.S. Pat. No. 5,242,442 to Hirschfeld, entitled “Smoke Aspirating Electrosurgical Device;” and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,269,781 to Hewell, entitled “Suction Assisted Electrocautery Unit.”

[0005] It has also been recognized in the prior art that the accumulation of coagulated blood, tissue rubble, and other debris on the electrode/tip of an electrocautery device can present a problem for the operator, necessitating the periodic cleaning of the tip, e.g., by wiping the tip over sterilized gauze or the like. This is generally regarded as undesirable, since the need to clean the electrode/tip tends to interrupt the incision procedure and increases the risks associated with contamination of the tip or the incision, damage to the tip, injury to the operator, and the like. To address this problem, it has been proposed in the prior art to provide an electrocautery instrument in which the electrode/tip is in slidable engagement with the instrument's handle, such that when the tip is retracted into the hand, any adhering debris automatically scraped off onto the tip of the handle. Such an instrument is proposed in the above-referenced Weber, Jr. '720 patent. While this arrangement may have some benefit, it still may be necessary to wipe off the tip of the handle once the tip is retracted. It is believed that a more direct and effective approach to the problem would be to reduce the amount of debris created, during the electrocautery process, thereby eliminating or at least reducing the need to clean the electrode/tip.

[0006] Atrial fibrillation is the condition where the normal rhythmic contractions of the heart are replaced by rapid irregular twitchings of the muscular heart wall. At least 1 million people in the U.S. suffer from atrial fibrillation. There are at least three detrimental side effects that occur during atrial fibrillation: a rapid irregular heartbeat; impaired cardiac hemodynamics due to a loss of AV synchrony; and an increased vulnerability to thromboembolism. Surgical Treatment of Cardiac Arrythmias, by ______ pg. 867.

[0007] The typical treatment for atrial fibrillation has been to give the patient drugs. For most patients with atrial fibrillation, this therapy has been only moderately effective and has typically produced undesirable side effects.

[0008] In view of the problems with drug therapy to treat atrial fibrillation, it has been recognized as desirable to find a surgical treatment that would permanently cure atrial fibrillation. Cardiovascular Device Update, July 1995, pg. 1. Although radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) has proven to be a safe and effective way of treating the most benign causes of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), such as Wolff-Parkinson-White and AV nodal re-entry tachycardia, using ablation to treat atrial fibrillation has proven to be challenging. Id.

[0009] The so called “maze” procedure has been developed to treat atrial fibrillation. In the “maze” procedure, incisions are made into the right and left atria via an open chest surgical procedure. These incisions are located to interrupt all the potential re-entry circuit patterns that could occur in the atria and cause atrial fibrillation. The clinical success with the “maze” procedure has been good.

[0010] A problem with the “maze” procedure is that it requires open chest surgery which is undesirable. It has been recognized that it would be desirable to duplicate the “maze” procedure with ablation. Id. at pg. 3. This would allow the possibility of performing a “maze”-like procedure thorascopically. However, it has also been recognized that current ablation technology has not developed to allow the “maze” procedure to be duplicated with ablation. Id.

[0011] A problem with prior art ablation has been that the ablating tip, if left in contact with a piece of tissue for too long, will bum through and perforate the tissue. In many applications, it has proven difficult to balance leaving an ablating tip in position on a piece of tissue for a sufficient time to allow the tissue to be ablated but not leave it in place for a length of time to burn through and thereby perforate the tissue.

[0012] Another problem with prior art ablation devices is that if the ablating tips are left in contact with the tissue too long, the tip “sticks” to the tissue being ablated. In removing the tip, large portions of tissue are often removed attached to the tip. This is not only a result to be avoided because of the tissue damage, but it is time consuming and irritating to the physician. These are clearly problems to be avoided.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0013] In view of the foregoing considerations, the present invention is directed to an improved electrocautery instrument

[0014] In accordance with one aspect of the invention, the electrocautery electrode/tip is implemented with a hollow, conductive tube terminating at its distal end in a ball point type tip. Conductive fluid is applied to the proximal end of the hollow electrode/tip, and expelled from the distal end thereof during electrocautery. The ball point distal tip allows the distal tip to be directly applied to the tissue and “rolled” or slid along the tissue. This allows the distal tip to be moved across the tissue without dragging or snagging on the tissue. In addition, the conductive fluid expelled from the distal tip further lubricates the distal tip as it moves across the tissue.

[0015] In accordance with another aspect of the invention, the conductive fluid emanating from the electrode/tip conducts the RF electrocautery energy away from the distal tip so that it is primarily the fluid, rather than the distal tip that actually accomplishes the cauterizing of tissue. That is, the fluid serves as a “virtual” electrocautery electrode. Since it is the fluid, rather than the distal tip that cauterizes, coagulates and ablates, no burns or perforations are made to the tissue, reducing the amount of debris at the site of ablation. Also, the flow of fluid through the electrode/tip tends to keep the distal tip clean and cool.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0016] The foregoing and other aspects of the present invention may perhaps be best appreciated with reference to a detailed description of a specific embodiment of the invention, when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

[0017]FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an electrocautery instrument in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;

[0018]FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the invention separated from the handle.

[0019]FIG. 3 is a enlarged perspective view of the distal end of the electrocautery device of FIG. 1 showing the electrode/tip.

[0020]FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the electrode/tip of the device of FIGS. 1, 2 and 3.

[0021]FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of electrode/tip of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A SPECIFIC EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION

[0022] Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown a perspective view of a fluid-assisted electrocautery device 10 in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. Electrocautery device 10 comprises a handle 12 and an electrocautery electrode/tip 14. Handle 12 is preferably made of a sterilizable, rigid, and non-conductive material, such as nylon or the like. Electrode/tip 14 is attached to handle 12.

[0023] In accordance with one aspect of the invention, electrode/tip 14 is preferably implemented using a hollow cylindrical tube 16 with a “ball point” at its distal end, as shown in the greatly enlarged perspective and cross-sectional views of FIGS. 3 and 4, respectively. As can be seen, a ball 18 is retained in a cavity formed by crimping metal tube 16 around ball 18. Both ball 18 and tube 16 are preferably made of an electrically conductive metal such as stainless steel. Tube 16 is crimped both proximal and distal to ball 18 at 20 and 22, respectively.

[0024] Ball 18 may have any diameter but balls 18 having diameters of from about 1 to about 5 mm have been found to be particularly effective for ablating. Tube 16 must have a diameter corresponding to the diameter of ball 18 as explained herein. Consequently, tube 16 preferably has an internal diameter, particularly at its distal end, of from about 1 to about 5 mm.

[0025] Crimping may be accomplished by a number of techniques including but not limited to placing a series of “crimps” 24 around the periphery of tube 16 that are directed toward the interior 26 of tube 16. In addition, the distal end 28 of tube 16 is “crimped” by rounding it toward the interior 26 of tube 16. In this way, ball 18 is retained between the “crimps” 24 and the rounded distal end 28. Crimping should be done so that a portion of ball 18 extends distally beyond distal end 28.

[0026] Tube 16 preferably has in interior 26 diameter slightly larger than the diameter of ball 18. In any case, after crimping as described above, the portion of tube 16 surrounding ball 18 should have a slightly larger internal diameter than ball 18. This allows ball 18 to freely rotate between crimps 24 and distal end 28 and still be retained at electrode/tip 14.

[0027] An electrical insulator 30 preferably surrounds tube 16 along substantially its entire length, terminating a short distance from distal end 28. Insulator 30 prevents accidental cautery from taking place at locations other than electrode/tip 14 if tube 16 should inadvertently contact patient tissue during a procedure.

[0028] Two connections are made to electrocautery device 10. One terminal (e.g., positive) of a radio-frequency (RF) generator (not shown in FIG. 1) is electrically coupled to electrode/tip 14 via a wire 32 attached to tube 16. Contact between ball 18 and tube 16, as will be described in more detail hereafter, provides electrical potential to ball 18.

[0029] A source of fluid to be expelled from electrode/tip 14 is coupled to tube 16 via a flexible input line 34. Input line 34 is preferably a tube or hose. Conductive fluid is provided under pressure through tube 16 to the electrode/tip 14. The conductive fluid is introduced to tube 16, as shown in FIG. 2, through input line 34 that is connected to a fluid inlet port 36 on tube 16. Conductive fluid passes from inlet line 34 through fluid inlet port 36 into tube 16 and is communicated along the length of tube 16 to electrode/tip 14 to be expelled from the distal end thereof This creates a so-called “virtual electrode” for performing electrocautery.

[0030] The infusion of conductive fluid simultaneously with the application of RF energy is discussed in further detail in: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/113,441 entitled “Method and Apparatus for R-F Ablation,” filed on Aug. 27, 1993 in the name of Peter M. J. Mulier and Michael F. Hoey, in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/303,246, entitled “Method and Apparatus for RF Ablation,” filed on Sep. 8, 1994 in the name of Peter M. J. Mulier; in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/302,304 entitled “Method and Apparatus for RF Ablation,” filed in the name of Peter M. J. Mulier and Michael F. Hoey on Sep. 8, 1994 and in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/393,082 entitled “Fluid Assisted Electrocautery Device”, filed in the name of Peter M. J. Mulier and Michael F. Hoey on Feb. 22, 1995. The foregoing '441, '246, '304 and '082 applications hereinafter collectively referred to as “the RF ablation applications”) are each commonly assigned to the assignee of the present invention, and incorporated by reference herein in their respective entireties.

[0031] As described in the RF ablation patent applications, the infusion of conductive fluid into the area of application of RF energy creates a “virtual electrode,” the size and shape of which can be controllably modified, and which can be rendered more or less conductive, thereby modifying the spread of RF energy. By varying such factors as the RF energy and duration, the rate of infusion of conductive liquid, and the conductivity of the infused solution, the size, shape, and intensity of the “virtual electrode”—i.e., the intensity of thermal production in the area, can be controlled. In the case of the electrocautery device in accordance with the present invention, application of the conductive solution during the application of RF energy further assists by preventing overheating of the electrode/tip, extending the point at which burning or charring of tissue would otherwise normally occur. To enhance this effect, it is contemplated that the solution being infused may first be cooled.

[0032] Conductive solutions believed to be suitable for establishing the virtual electrode include saline, saturated saline, and Ringer's solution, among others. Regarding the source of conductive fluid, it is contemplated that a conventional pump may be coupled to input line 34. Alternatively, it is contemplated that a small, pre-pressurized canister of conductive solution may be used, such that no pump is required. In one embodiment, handle 12 may be configured to receive such a pressurized canister therein, eliminating the need for input line 34.

[0033] In addition, a dye may be mixed with the conductive fluid to make the fluid more visible during the procedure using the device 10. Examples of such a dye include, but are not limited to methylene blue.

[0034] It is desirable to provide the conductive fluid to electrode/tip 14 under pressure that is controlled. In particular, it is important not to have a flow rate that allows conductive fluid to flow excessively out of the distal end 28 of electrode/tip 14. Excessive fluid flow has been shown to spread the electrical current density over a large area of the tissue thereby minimizing, and in some cases preventing, the ablation effect.

[0035] In use, electrical potential is applied to tube 16 from a radio-frequency (RF) generator as-described above. Since tube 16 is made of an electrically conductive metal, the entire tube 16 will be at an electrical potential determined by the radio-frequency (RF) generator. Conductive fluid is supplied under pressure to the device 10 so that the conductive fluid is expelled from electrode/tip 14 around ball 18.

[0036] The user of electrocautery device 10 places electrode/tip 14 at an area to ablate and moves the electrode/tip 14 across the tissue by ball 18 contacting the tissue. Ball 18 may either roll or be slid across the tissue. The fluid expelled from the distal end 28 lubricates the tissue and facilitates the movement of ball 18 across the tissue regardless of whether ball 18 rolls or slides across the tissue.

[0037] In vitro experiments have shown the following: The larger the diameter of ball 18, the wider and deeper the ablation “track” created on the tissue; Moving the electrode/tip 14 slowly across the tissue creates deeper lesions than if electrode/tip 14 is moved quickly; and the flow rate of conductive fluid through device 10 and out of electrode/tip 14 should be adequate to wet and lubricate the surface of the tissue but should not be so high as to spread across the tissue and spread the electrical current density necessary to perform the ablation. As examples of desirable flow rates of conductive fluid through the device 10, with a radio-frequency (RF) generator at 50 Watts, a flow rate of about between 0.5 and 2 cc/minute was shown to be adequate and with a radio-frequency (RF) generator at 25 Watts, a flow rate of about between 1 and 2 cc/minute was shown to be adequate. Other flow rates in these power ranges or these or different flow rates for other power settings may also be used as will be clear with practice using the invention. The examples given above being given for the purpose of illustration and are not intended to be limiting.

[0038] The device 10 may be particularly used in connection with the so called “maze” procedure described above to ablate an area of the heart to interrupt all the potential re-entry circuit patterns that could occur in the atria and cause atrial fibrillation. The device 10 could also be used advantageously to remove hemorrhoids or varicose veins or stop esophageal bleeding to name but a few possible uses. The device removes the risk of perforation commonly found with other types of cautery, is easy to “write” with and allows deep and wide penetration and subsequently ablation.

[0039] Because of its similarity to a ball point pen, the invention provides an electrocautery device 10 that is easy to “write” with. That is, it is easy to move the distal elected/tip 14 across the tissue to be ablated because the ball 18 rolls across the tissue. In addition, by expelling fluid from electrode/tip 14, ball 18 also slides across the tissue being ablated.

[0040] Although in the embodiment of FIG. 1, wire 32 and input line 34 are depicted separately, it is contemplated that these connections to device 10 may be consolidated into a single line having a fluid-conducting lumen therein for input of conductive solution alongside an insulated electrical conductor.

[0041] Various alternate configurations of electrode/tip 14 are also contemplated. In one embodiment shown in FIG. 5, ball 18 is enclosed within tube 16 at the distal end 28 of tube 16. However, instead of having crimps 24 proximal to ball 18, a block 38 is placed proximal to ball 18 within tube 16. Block 38 preferably has a central lumen 40 exiting from its proximal to its distal end to allow fluid in the interior of tube 16 to pass to ball 18 where it ma be expelled from distal end 28. In all other ways, this embodiment is identical to the preferred embodiment described above.

[0042] Ball 18 may also be made of a porous, electrically conductive material. In this embodiment, the porous nature of ball 18 allows fluid to not only pass around ball 18 to be expelled from distal end 28, but also allows fluid to pass through ball 18 to be expelled.

[0043] In an alternate embodiment, ball 18 may be replaced with a non-spherical contact element such as an electrically conductive elongated plug. In this embodiment, the plug would still be retained in tube 16 at the distal end 28 of tube 16 so that fluid can pass around the plug to expelled from the distal end 28. The plug would be retained by any means described above including, but not limited to, crimps 24 and the rounded distal end 28. However, because the plug is not spherical, the plug can not roll as it is moved in contact across the tissue to be ablated. Instead, the plug will slide across the tissue. In this embodiment, the plug may also be made of an electrically conductive porous material.

[0044] Although the invention has been described in connection with using a conductive fluid to create a virtual electrode for electrode/tip 14, it is clear that many of the advantages of the invention such as the smooth flow of electrode/tip 14 will also be produced with the conductive fluid replaced with non-conducting fluid such as pure water. Therefore, it is also within the scope of the invention to include the use of a non-conducting fluid.

[0045] In addition, if desired, a suction tube may be added to the device 10 to allow smoke or excess fluid to be removed from the surgical field. Such a suction tube is described in the '082 application described above, the teachings of which have been incorporated by reference herein.

[0046] Further, tube 16 may be made of an electrically insulating material except for a portion at its distal end that comes in contact with ball 14. This portion of tube 16 that comes in contact with ball 14 should be electrically conducing. In this embodiment, wire 24 extends to this electrically conducting portion of tube 16.

[0047] From the foregoing detailed description of a specific embodiment of the invention, it should be apparent that a method and apparatus for performing fluid-assisted electrocautery of body tissue has been disclosed, wherein fluid delivered out of a hollow electrocautery electrode/tip creates a virtual electrode which incises and cauterizes the tissue.

[0048] Although a specific embodiment of the invention has been described herein, this has been done solely for the purposes of illustrating various aspects of the invention, and is not intended to be limiting with respect to the scope of the invention. It is contemplated that various substitutions, alterations, and/or modifications, including but not limited to those specifically discussed herein, may be made to the disclosed embodiment without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims, which follow. 

1. (Cancelled).
 2. (Cancelled).
 3. A pen-type electrosurgical instrument configured to create an ablation lesion in tissue, the instrument comprising: a handle; a tube distal to the handle, the tube having a distal end; an ablation electrode tip, at least a portion of the ablation electrode tip distal to the distal end of the tube; a lumen connectable to a source of fluid; at least one fluid exit in fluid communication with the lumen, the fluid exit adjacent at least one of the distal end of the tube and the ablation electrode tip; and a terminal in electrical communication with the ablation electrode tip, the terminal connectable to a source of radio-frequency energy.
 4. The instrument of claim 3, wherein the fluid exit is at the distal end of the tube.
 5. The instrument of claim 3, wherein the fluid exit is between the electrode tip and the tube.
 6. The instrument of claim 3, wherein the fluid exit is defined by a surface portion of the electrode tip.
 7. The instrument of claim 3, wherein the fluid exit is defined by a surface portion of the tube.
 8. The instrument of claim 3, wherein the portion of the electrode tip distal to the distal end of the tube comprises a spherical surface.
 9. The instrument of claim 8, wherein the fluid exit is adjacent to the spherical surface.
 10. The instrument of claim 8, wherein the spherical surface of the electrode tip is provided by a surface portion of a ball.
 11. The instrument of claim 10, wherein the ball has a diameter.
 12. The instrument of claim 11, wherein the diameter is in the range of about 1 mm to 5 mm.
 13. The instrument of claim 8, wherein the spherical surface has a radius.
 14. The instrument of claim 13, wherein the radius is in the range of about 0.5 mm to 2.5 mm.
 15. The instrument of claim 3, wherein the electrode tip comprises a ball.
 16. The instrument of claim 3, wherein the electrode tip comprises a metal.
 17. The instrument of claim 3, wherein the electrode tip comprises an electrically conductive material.
 18. The instrument of claim 3, wherein the electrode tip comprises stainless steel.
 19. The instrument of claim 3, wherein the electrode tip is porous.
 20. The instrument of claim 3, wherein the electrode tip is non-porous.
 21. The instrument of claim 3, wherein the electrode tip is configured to roll along a tissue surface.
 22. The instrument of claim 3, wherein the electrode tip is configured to slide along a tissue surface.
 23. The instrument of claim 3, wherein a portion of the electrode tip is in the tube.
 24. The instrument of claim 3, wherein a portion of the electrode tip is retained by the tube.
 25. The instrument of claim 3, wherein a portion of the electrode tip is enclosed by the tube.
 26. The instrument of claim 3, wherein at least a distal portion of the tube is electrically conductive.
 27. The instrument of claim 3, wherein the tube comprises metal.
 28. The instrument of claim 3, wherein the tube comprises stainless steel.
 29. The instrument of claim 3, wherein the tube is hollow.
 30. The instrument of claim 3, wherein the tube is cylindrical.
 31. The instrument of claim 3, wherein at least a portion of the tube is electrically insulated.
 32. The instrument of claim 3, wherein the tube comprises an electrically insulative material.
 33. The instrument of claim 3, wherein the lumen is at least in a portion of the tube proximal to the distal end of the tube.
 34. The instrument of claim 3, wherein the handle is configured to facilitate a user holding the instrument like a pen.
 35. The instrument of claim 3, wherein the handle is configured to facilitate a user manipulating the instrument like a pen.
 36. The instrument of claim 3, wherein the tube is configured to manipulate the electrode tip like a pen tip in response to a manipulation of the handle.
 37. The instrument of claim 3, wherein the handle and the tube are configured to facilitate a user manipulating the electrode tip like a pen tip.
 38. A pen-type electrosurgical instrument configured to create an ablation lesion in tissue, the instrument comprising: a handle; a tube distal to the handle, the tube having a distal end; a contact element, at least a portion of the contact element distal to the distal end of the tube; at least one of the contact element and at least a portion of the tube configured to provide an ablation electrode; a lumen connectable to a source of fluid; at least one fluid exit in fluid communication with the lumen, the fluid exit adjacent at least one of the distal end of the tube and the contact element; and a terminal in electrical communication with the ablation electrode, the terminal connectable to a source of radio-frequency energy.
 39. The instrument of claim 38, wherein the fluid exit is at the distal end of the tube.
 40. The instrument of claim 38, wherein the fluid exit is between the contact element and the tube.
 41. The instrument of claim 38, wherein the fluid exit is defined by a surface portion of the contact element.
 42. The instrument of claim 38, wherein the fluid exit is defined by a surface portion of the tube.
 43. The instrument of claim 38, wherein the portion of the contact element distal to the distal end of the tube comprises a spherical surface.
 44. The instrument of claim 43, wherein the fluid exit is adjacent to the spherical surface.
 45. The instrument of claim 44, wherein the spherical surface of the contact element is provided by a surface portion of a ball.
 46. The instrument of claim 45, wherein the ball has a diameter.
 47. The instrument of claim 46, wherein the diameter is in the range of about 1 mm to 5 mm.
 48. The instrument of claim 43, wherein the spherical surface has a radius.
 49. The instrument of claim 48, wherein the radius is in the range of about 0.5 mm to 2.5 mm.
 50. The instrument of claim 38, wherein the contact element comprises a ball.
 51. The instrument of claim 38, wherein the contact element comprises a metal.
 52. The instrument of claim 38, wherein the contact element comprises an electrically conductive material.
 53. The instrument of claim 38, wherein the contact element comprises stainless steel.
 54. The instrument of claim 38, wherein the contact element is porous.
 55. The instrument of claim 38, wherein the contact element is non-porous.
 56. The instrument of claim 38, wherein the contact element is configured to roll along a tissue surface.
 57. The instrument of claim 38, wherein the contact element is configured to slide along a tissue surface.
 58. The instrument of claim 38, wherein a portion of the contact element is in the tube.
 59. The instrument of claim 38, wherein a portion of the contact element is retained by the tube.
 60. The instrument of claim 38, wherein a portion of the contact element is enclosed by the tube.
 61. The instrument of claim 38, wherein at least a distal portion of the tube is electrically conductive.
 62. The instrument of claim 38, wherein the tube comprises metal.
 63. The instrument of claim 38, wherein the tube comprises stainless steel.
 64. The instrument of claim 38, wherein the tube is hollow.
 65. The instrument of claim 38, wherein the tube is cylindrical.
 66. The instrument of claim 38, wherein at least a portion of the tube is electrically insulated.
 67. The instrument of claim 38, wherein the tube comprises an electrically insulative material.
 68. The instrument of claim 38, wherein the lumen is at least in a portion of the tube proximal to the distal end of the tube.
 69. The instrument of claim 38, wherein the handle is configured to facilitate a user holding the instrument like a pen.
 70. The instrument of claim 38, wherein the handle is configured to facilitate a user manipulating the instrument like a pen.
 71. The instrument of claim 38, wherein the tube is configured to manipulate the contact element like a pen tip in response to a manipulation of the handle.
 72. The instrument of claim 38, wherein the handle and the tube are configured to facilitate a user manipulating the contact element like a pen tip.
 73. A pen-type electrosurgical instrument configured to treat tissue during surgery, the instrument comprising: a handle; a tube distal to the handle, the tube having a distal end; an electrode tip, at least a portion of the electrode tip distal to the distal end of the tube; a lumen connectable to a source of fluid; at least one fluid exit in fluid communication with the lumen, the fluid exit to emanate a fluid to the portion of the electrode tip distal to the distal end of the tube; and a terminal in electrical communication with the electrode tip, the terminal connectable to a source of radio-frequency energy.
 74. The instrument of claim 73, wherein the fluid exit is at the distal end of the tube.
 75. The instrument of claim 73, wherein the fluid exit is between the electrode tip and the tube.
 76. The instrument of claim 73, wherein the fluid exit is defined by a surface portion of the electrode tip.
 77. The instrument of claim 73, wherein the fluid exit is defined by a surface portion of the tube.
 78. The instrument of claim 73, wherein the portion of the electrode tip distal to the distal end of the tube comprises a spherical surface.
 79. The instrument of claim 78, wherein the fluid exit is adjacent to the spherical surface.
 80. The instrument of claim 78, wherein the spherical surface of the electrode tip is provided by a surface portion of a ball.
 81. The instrument of claim 80, wherein the ball has a diameter.
 82. The instrument of claim 81, wherein the diameter is in the range of about 1 mm to 5 mm.
 83. The instrument of claim 78, wherein the spherical surface has a radius.
 84. The instrument of claim 83, wherein the radius is in the range of about 0.5 mm to 2.5 mm.
 85. The instrument of claim 73, wherein the electrode tip comprises a ball.
 86. The instrument of claim 73, wherein the electrode tip comprises a metal.
 87. The instrument of claim 73, wherein the electrode tip comprises an electrically conductive material.
 88. The instrument of claim 73, wherein the electrode tip comprises stainless steel.
 89. The instrument of claim 73, wherein the electrode tip is porous.
 90. The instrument of claim 73, wherein the electrode tip is non-porous.
 91. The instrument of claim 73, wherein the electrode tip is configured to roll along a tissue surface.
 92. The instrument of claim 73, wherein the electrode tip is configured to slide along a tissue surface.
 93. The instrument of claim 73, wherein a portion of the electrode tip is in the tube.
 94. The instrument of claim 73, wherein a portion of the electrode tip is retained by the tube.
 95. The instrument of claim 73, wherein a portion of the electrode tip is enclosed by the tube.
 96. The instrument of claim 73, wherein at least a distal portion of the tube is electrically conductive.
 97. The instrument of claim 73, wherein the tube comprises metal.
 98. The instrument of claim 73, wherein the tube comprises stainless steel.
 99. The instrument of claim 73, wherein the tube is hollow.
 100. The instrument of claim 73, wherein the tube is cylindrical.
 101. The instrument of claim 73, wherein at least a portion of the tube is electrically insulated.
 102. The instrument of claim 73, wherein the tube comprises an electrically insulative material.
 103. The instrument of claim 73, wherein the lumen is at least in a portion of the tube proximal to the distal end of the tube.
 104. The instrument of claim 73, wherein the handle is configured to facilitate a user holding the instrument like a pen.
 105. The instrument of claim 73, wherein the handle is configured to facilitate a user manipulating the instrument like a pen.
 106. The instrument of claim 73, wherein the tube is configured to manipulate the electrode tip like a pen tip in response to a manipulation of the handle.
 107. The instrument of claim 73, wherein the handle and the tube are configured to facilitate a user manipulating the electrode tip like a pen tip. 